Another Walk around St Michael’s Churchyard, East Ardsley

While looking through online newspapers I found the following article interesting.

Who was this man mentioned in this short article?

The Yorkshire Evening Post of Monday 20^th of March, 1916 tells:- ‘Soldier’s Funeral at East Ardsley. The burial, with full military honours, of Sapper Harry Hick, took place at East Ardsley Churchyard, on Saturday afternoon. Deceased, who died on Tuesday last, at Farnborough Camp, leaves a widow and two children. A firing party, under Sergeant-Major Spink composed of comrades in deceased’s company of the Royal Engineers, came from Aldershot, and a beautiful wreath was sent by the officers of the regiment.’

Sometimes curiosity overtakes me and the smallest amount of information can get the research juices going. I recently found a great deal about someone from just his name on a broken kerbstone, and believe me he had a wonderful and fascinating story to tell.

What do we know so far about Sapper Hick? Well, he was a soldier, a Sapper, which meant he was in the Royal Artillery. He was married, and a father of two. Lived in the East Ardsley area or his family lived there. And, it seems he was a well respected by all ranks.

My first internet stop was the CWGC (Commonwealth War Graves Commission) website. I chose this step first as to lessen the as there would only be one man named Harry Hick in a CWGC grave in St Michael’s Churchyard. From here I obtained his service number, company, and the names of his parents and wife’s names, plus his wife’s address at the time information was given to the CWGC. Not bad for just one search. My next step was to search SDWTGW (Soldiers who died in the Great War), this would hopefully give information as to where Harry was born, lived and enlisted and the type of casualty i.e. killed in action, died of wounds etc.,

Sapper Hicks, according to the SWDTGW was born in Lofthouse and enlisted in Wakefield – joining the Royal Engineers as Sapper 107187, serving in 229^th Field Coy., (Company). Harry’s type of casualty was simply ‘Died’ ‘At Home’. Harry died in the U.K., therefore his place death on some documents would say ‘At Home’.

Leaving behind military information for a time, let me take you on a journey through the census and Parish Registers.

In 1901 Harry is a 14 year old young man employed as a labourer being born in Robin Hood. His parents were John William Hick and his wife Harriett Annie.nee Jarratt, whom he had married in the summer of 1875 in the Wakefield Registration District. John William was at the time 47 years old, born in Cross Flatts, Leeds, being employed as a Journeyman Blacksmith. Harriett Annie was a few years younger, aged 43, born in Thornton. Harry was the fourth child of seven, aged from the eldest aged 21 to the youngest aged five. His brothers and sisters were all born in Robin Hood except the last two who were born in Lofthouse and Lingwell Gate, Stanley.

It seems that when it came for Harry to marry his wife Annie McAlister Kennedy there was just a little ‘hitch’. Both families turned up at the Primitive Methodist Chapel, Market Street, Wakefield on the 18^th of June 1910. Harry aged 23, of 5 Wolsley Terrace, East Ardsley, turned up. Annie, also attended – aged 24 living at 114 Woodhouse Lane, Leeds. She was the daughter of the late John Kennedy, a carpet weaver. Witnesses John Marshall and Edith Hick were also there. The entry was signed off by D. D. Waters, Authorised Person for the said Chapel. BUT! There always seems to be one of those, doesn’t there?

A handwritten note in the space at the side of their entry in the Parish Register tells ‘ Owing to a misunderstanding a ceremony of marriage was performed as this entry made without the presence of an Authorised Person. The Parties were legally married on June Twenty Firth 1910 and their Marriage was recorded as Entry No 44. George Edwards, Authorised Person of said Chapel’. It looks like D. D. Waters was not as authorised as he thought he was!.

So, on the 25^th the couple take their place again at the front of the church, all seems the same, except – Frederick Laughton and Gertrude Harriet Edwards were the new witnesses and George Edwards was the officiator. Did the couple have their wedding breakfast on the 18^th as the family were witnesses at the chapel, and the 25^th was just a formality with the witnesses being needed just for legality.

By the census of 1911 24 year old Harry and 25 year old Annie had been married for under one year, with no children. Harry was a joiner working on his own account. His place of birth still being Robin Hood. Annie’s entry reads ‘NB, Ayrshire, Kilmarnock’. As she was not born in England or Wales, ‘(Resident)’ was entered in parenthesis. Home for the newlyweds at this time was Jeffrey View, East Ardsley, a 2 roomed terrace house.

From the newspaper entry, we already know that the young couple had two children. In the September ¼ of 1911, John Hick was registered, followed by Annie registered in the June ¼ of 1915. By the time of Annie’s birth the Great War had been going on for a while now, and it hadn’t been over by Christmas.

It’s now time to return to military records, some 30+ pages of them. Some are duplicate, some have been damaged by water and fire. Nevertheless, they are interesting and complete the life of Sapper Harry Hicks.

On the 8^th of November 1915, Harry Attested. He gave his address as 27 Newton Hill, Wakefield, and his age as 29 years 3 months. The next page gives Harry’s height as 5′ 6”. He has a chest fully expanded of 35”, weighing 114lbs. His physical development is classed as good.. His date of marriage is confirmed as the 25^th of June 1910, not the original date of the 18^th when all the family turned up in Market Street. His two children’s date of birth is given – John’s being 7^th of August 1911 in Wakefield and Annie being born on the 12^th of March 1915 in East Ardsley.

Harry was posted to Aldershot. On the 10^th of March 1916 he was admitted to hospital with Cerebrospurial fever (sic). A doctor’s note tells ‘An acute attack of cereb** spinal fever, with especially marked *** re-infection………’.Harry died on the 15^th of March 1916 – just a few day after his daughter Annie’s first birthday. He was in the Isolation Hospital, Aldershot.

Letters and notes would now go too and fro from the MOD to Mrs. Hick. The first of which was to informer her of her husband’s untimely death, followed shortly a note asking if she wished to claim her husband’s body and where she wanted him to ‘be placed at rest’. Harry had died in 1 916 yet the paperwork his death generated was still continuing until 1919.

Annie M Hick of 27 Newton Hill, Leeds Road, Wakefield was in November 1916 receiving 17/6 Separation Allowance and 3/6 Allotment of pay. Annie also received a box of her husband’s belongings which were despatched in January 1917. One damaged document from 229^th Field Company Commander informs that some of Harry’s personal effects had not been received by Annie, she had written to the Army asking if these items could be found.

‘1.2.17 6 Jeffrey View, East Ardsley, Wakefield. Captain Hopkins. Sir, I think you for sending watch etc., belonging to Sapper Hick, 107187, R.E. But was disappointed to find most of his things had not come but I suppose they will have been dispersed with his kit which would be at Blackdown, if any more comes to your office, I shall be willing to pay postage for same, I can mention most things he had. Vis, Steel shaving mirror, Black S. mounted Stick (silver mounted), Leather Belt, New Brush, Fountain Pen, about 6 Handkerchiefs, Waistcoat (dark blue), Letters and photos & etc., will be destroyed I expect, thanking you again for your kindness in attending to my letters to you. I Am Yours Truly, Mrs. A Hick.‘

An official memo was generated but the answer was not positive. It was presumed that some of his effects, his letters and photo’s may have been destroyed by the Isolation Hospital staff, Aldershot.

Harry’s burial is entered in the registers for St Michaels, East Ardsley on the 18^th of March 1916. The fourth entry above Harry’s is the entry for Harriet Annie Hick of Wolsley Terrace, who was buried dated 57 on the 1^st of March. Not only had John William Hick lost his wife, the same month he lost one of his children.

Sapper Hick, seems to have served his war ‘at home’. And according to his recruiter, Harry seems to have been ‘A good all rounder’.

Individual documents give small insights into a life. However, when you put multiple documents together how much more can they tell you about one person’s life.

NIMZ, Arthur William

Gunner Arthur William Nimz, service number 32847 served in the Royal Field Artillery, C Battery, 177th Brigade, after enlisting in Lodon. He rests in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery after dying of wounds on 29th July 1917.

Arthur was the son of Frederick and Mary Nimz who when giving information to the newly formed Commonwealth War Graves Commission told they were living at 123 Harslesden Road, Wilsden Green, London.  Arthur was awarded the British and Victory Medals.

Arthur had bee born in 1896, being at the time one of four children.  Frederick his father had been born in Germany but was now a British Subject, who was ‘living on own means’. Home for the family was Selina House, Southal Beach(?).

 

Ten years later in 1911, Mary and five children were living in a flat with three rooms in Albert House, Harlesden Road, Willesden Green, NW.  Mary was a widow working as a tailoress in a gentleman’s tailoring business.  Fifteen year old Arthur was working as an assistant book seller.

Frederick William Nimz had died in the late summer of 1908.  Probate for Frederick William Charles of Albert House, was proven in 1912 – monies totalling £1587 10s were left to Mary, his widow.  Mary Harriet Nimz of 123 Harlesden Road, died on 14th of June 1926 with her monies totalling £2128 16s 14d being left to Alfred Frederick Nimz, tailor and Edward William Charles Nimz, metal worker.

During the Great War Arthur’s brother Frederick William also served.  He served in the Middlesex Regiment as a Private.  His serial numbers being 4706 and 291756.

Frederick like his brother was granted the British and Victory Medals, but unlike his brother he would have been able to claim them himself.

 

 

Pvte Frank Rothery

Last year I visited Bagshaw Museum to see History Wardrobe give one of their fantastic talk –  talk is not really the correct word, words like performance and event come to mind but then you have to be part of the audience to understand.

I arrived early, too early for my complimentary drink to be ready, so I had a quick walk around the museum’s ground floor before partaking of my glass of Prosecco. I focused on a cabinet containing photographs and military memorabilia. Photographs are always moving and thought provoking and bring to mind a ‘what if’ or ‘if only’, especially military photographs as you don’t know initially if the young man ‘came home’.

Two photographs caught my attention, one of an officer in a quite elaborate guilt frame and the other, a soldier, unframed and simply mounted on card. What made this special to me was the fact that there was a smaller photograph propped up against one corner and original documents scattered alongside. Without this smattering of documents, the photograph would be just a photograph from someone’s donated collection.

The document that brought this soldier to life was the scroll that accompanied each ‘Death Penny’.

“He whom this scroll commemorates was numbered among
those who at the call of King and Country,
left all that was dear to them, endured hardness, faced danger,

and finally passed out of sight of men by the path of duty
and self-sacrifice, giving up their own lives
that others might live in freedom.
Let those who come after see to it that his name be not forgotten.
Pte. Frank Rothery
Royal Lancaster Regt.

I now knew his name, Pte., Frank Rothery.

A ‘Death Penny’ also came with a smaller note, one of many identical notes, sent from the King to grieving families across the nation –   ‘I join with my grateful people in sending you this memorial of a brave life given for others in the Great War’.

Well, by the family receiving the Scroll and ‘Death Penny’, we know that his family’s life changed in one fleeting moment when Frank died. But who was Frank before he went to war and before that eventful day.

Frank was the son of John Rothery and his wife Martha Annie nee Wharton. Frank aged 22, married Annie Teale aged 19 on December 18^th 1915. Frank worked as a spinner and Annie was a weaver.

Frank being enlisted in Gomersal in 1915. His regiment had been used for home defence before being sent to France. By January 1917 his regiment had become part of the B.E.F. (British Expeditionary Force) landing at Etarples on the 9^th inst. He served as Private 4489, in the 8^th K.O.R.L. (King’s Own Royal Lancaster) but was transferred on the 10^th of January to the 1/4^th K.O.R.L.

Pvte. Rothery’s Service Records have survived as part of the ‘Burnt Records’, destroyed and damaged by fire and water during WW2.  Frank’s records have certainly been burnt and damaged by water.

One damaged form tells that while at Southampton, on the 25^th of November 1916 Frank was AWOL, not returning until 12.30pm on the 27^th. For this demeanour, he was deducted 6 days pay.

Frank was wounded and died shortly after, according to official documents, on 22^nd November 1917. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has marked his headstone the 25^th November 1917.

During the period following Frank’s death, Annie received numerous letters from the War Office, including a receipt for the ‘Death Penny’, and on the 22^nd of April Annie signed for ‘his 3 Identity Discs, Letters, Cards, Note book’. Letters and memo’s between the War Office departments had Annie’s address as 65 Highfield House, Whitelea, Batley. Annie was awarded a pension of 20/- per week for her and one child with effect from 8^th of July 1918. It makes you wonder how she coped from November 1917 to the mid summer of the following year.

Annie in December 1917 was sent a letter by R R Sayers C.F., I/4 K.O. R. Lancs Regt., B.E.F., which went on to say:

Dear Mrs Rothery, I should have written before this, but have had so many letters to write, that I am only slowly overtaking my correspondence. You have doubtless heard of your husband’s death in action on Nov. 20^th (different date). I write to sympathise with you in your very great loss. He was a favourite with his company, both men and officers. He is missed especially by his intimate pals. A good soldier, he died bravely doing his duty, in the cause of righteousness and truth against evil and wrong.

It will be a comfort to you to know that his body was recovered and given Christian burial by a Church of England chaplain. His grave is in the military cemetery in Villiers-Faucon, and he is buried in nice dry soil. A cross will be, if it is not already, set up on his last resting place.

I am a Non-Conformist chaplain, but I thought I should write a note of sympathy, as I am attached to your late husband’s battalion. If you write to the Registrar of Graves B.E.F., you can have a photograph of the grave. I would have written to you sooner but we have been on the move for almost a fortnight, Yours, with deep sympathy’.

It looks like Annie did request a photograph of Frank’s grave as it forms part of his display.

One last receipt received by Annie was for Frank’s Medals – the Victory and British Medals which she signed for on January 10^th 1922. But, and there always has to be a ‘but’, Annie was now signing as ‘Annie Grayshon’, yes, she had remarried, marrying John W Grayshon in the September ¼ of 1919 in the Dewsbury Registration District. John had also been a soldier in the Great War.

Frank and Annie’s daughter, Leah, married Arthur Heward in September 7th 1938. Leah ad Arthur lived at 105 Leeds Old Road, Heckmondwike in 1939. Arthur born on 30^th October 1913 worked as a ‘raw hide classer’ and Leah born on the 18^th of June 1916 was classified as ‘unpaid domestic duties.

With a photograph giving only one clue, it is amazing how much you learn about their lives.

The CWGC gradually replaced all the wooden crosses with the familiar headstones we now associated with those commemorating the dead

 

Wakefield Express – 24th August 1918

More extracts from the pages of the Wakefield Express during the Great War.

Pvte. Fred Hopwood, K.O.Y.L.I., Moorland Place, Flockton, has been admitted to hosptal suffering from shell wounds and shell shock. He is nineteen years of age, and before enlisting he worked at Messrs. Stringer and Son’s colliery at Emley Moor.

Private Norman Fenton, Queen’s Westminster Rifle’s, son of Mr. and Mrs. W Fenton, Leeds Road, Tingley, has been gassed, and sent to Gosforth near Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pte. Fenton is barely twenty years of age, was educated at the Morley secondary School, and just previous to enlistment had obtained a clerkship at one of the local banks.

Private A Smith, Highland Light Infantry, son of Mrs. Batty, Carlton Street, Lawfield Lane, Wakefield was admitted to the 1^st Australian General Hospital, Rouen on July 31^st, suffering from a fractured arm, the result of gun-shot. He enlisted when sixteen years of age, and had been in the army three years.

Private Percy Taylor, Black Watch of Methley, is reported to have been killed in action. He was twenty years of age, and son of Mr and Mrs W G Taylor, of 7 Middle Row, Methley Junction. He enlisted on May 1^st 1917 having previously been employed at the Junction Haigh Moor Pit of Messrs. Hy. Briggs and Son, and Co. Ltd. He was wounded in the right hand on August 2^nd last year, but was soon able to return to the Front.

Gunner Wilfred Speight of the R.F.A., whose parents live at Reyner’s Yard, Horbury, is now at Springburn Hospital, Glasgow. While on active service in France he accidentally fell over some wire in a shallow trench, and the weight of his body falling on his right arm fractured the bones at the elbow joint. He pluckily stayed on duty, with his arm fractured for two days, and then had to report sick, not being able to carry on longer. He was sent to the rear to a Casualty Clearing Station, and then to a hospital, and was next sent over to hospital in this country. Before enlisting he was employed in the offices of Messrs. Chas. Roberts and Co. Horbury Junction.

Cadet Sydney Hudson, K.O.Y.L.I., son of Mr and Mrs Hudson, Queen Street, Normanton, was killed in action on July 20^th, and he leaves a widow and one child. He went to France with the 1^st 4^th K.O.Y.L.I., and was gassed in the first enemy gas attack. He came home on leave in April, twelve months afterwards, and was wounded in July after returning. He came home to England for his commission and passed his first examination, but in his second he was turned down. He returned to France three weeks after Easter for three months further instruction, but, unfortunately was killed before he was able to gain his commission. He was 23 years of age, and before the war he worked at St. John’s Colliery, Newland.

The above notice for Sydney would have been sad news for his family and friends but, a boon for family historians.

What do we now know about Sydney?  We know his parents address.  We know he was married and had a small child.  We know his regiment, part of his service history and his date of death. We also know by his rank that he was in line for a commission, this is confirmed his death notice. We also know how old he was and where he was employed before he joined the army.  Information that could have taken longer to find and confirm.

A visit to the CWGC website has a Serjeant S Hudson dying on the 20th of July with a service number of 242739, serving in the 5th Btn., KOYLI and resting in Chambrecy British Cemetery  along with over 400 other casualties.  The cemetery is on the outskirts of Riems on the road to Chateau Thierry.

The Registers of Soldiers’ Effects has a Sidney (change of spelling) confirming the CWGC’s information of service number and date of death.  This series of records also includes the amount of money due to his family – his wife, Florence who was sent the sum of £26.  There is a marriage of a Sydney Hudson to Florence Bennett in the Bramley registration district who went on to have a child in the Pontefract area in the summer of 1917 – could this be the couple?

Soldiers Died in the Great War 1914 – 1919 is a fantastic collection of information.  These records were a few year ago only available in a cd format, quite an expensive cd, I might add. This information, now one of the many sources available from Ancestry, gives name, rank regiment, service number, place of birth and enlistment along with date of death and type of casualty. So, Sidney was born in Normanton and enlisted there.  Information that tallies with the birth of a child to him and Florence in the Pontefract area.

The Medal Card for Sydney tells that he enlisted as a Private and entered France in April of 1915 and later attained the rank of Serjeant.  He was eligible for the 1915 Star, along with the British and Victory Medals – Pip, Squeak and Wilfred.

 Florence had a young child to support after Sydney was killed in action. Did she re-marry?  There is an entry on Freebmd for a Florence Hudson marrying a James F Hampshire in the summer of 1927 – was this her? Or is the entry for Florence Hudson and George E Pawson who marrying in the Pontefract region in the winter of 1930 the right entry?  Or, did Florence not marry again…………….Do you know?

Shipley Times & Express

The Letter Home is an extract from the Shpley Times & Express dated 7th June 1944.

The Letter Home
Each lad as he writes to his Mother
Is conjuring up in his mind
All the scenes and sounds of his homeland
And he folk that he’s left far behind

The tinkle of sheep on the hillside
The chime of the village church bells
The tang of the spray off the Solent
The grandeur of Cumberland dells

Some yearn to be tramping the moorland
Some sigh for the Yorkshire dales
The warm sunny slopes of the Mendips
The blue hazy hilltops of Wales

So let’s give Salute to our soldiers
And remember, wherever they roam
That when they’re not fighting, they’re thinking
And dreaming of England and home.

Wakefield Express 6th May 1944

Extracts from the Wakefield Express

Missing  – Mr and Mrs H Walton, of the Gardeners Inn, Baker Lane, Stanley, has received official notification that their son, Donald, is missing as from March 14th, 1944.  He has served abroad for more than four years as L/Cpl in the Q.O.Y.D. (Queen’s Own Yorkshire Dragoons). Prior to joning up he worked at the Yorkshire Copper Works.

Killed In Action – Mr. Wm. Tennant, of 3 Chadwick’s Yard, Kirkgate, Wakefield, has received notification of death of his son, Private Jack Tennant, aged 20, of the York and Lancaster Regt., C.M.F., on March 22nd. A letter received from his captain says he was the first of a carrying party when a shell came over and killed him and three others.  Before joining the army he was employed at R.S. Dyson, Peterson Road.  He served in the North African campaign.

Wakefield Soldier Wins M.M.

Military Medal via Wikipedia

Wakefield Express 10th February 1945.
Wakefield Solder wins M.M. – It is announced that the Military Medal has been awarded to L/Cpl Harry Ward, King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, of Wakefield, for services in North West Europe.  The citation states: “He has done outstanding work since he came into the line. On one occasion he commanded a stretcher bearer party which brough in a wounded officer and man under fire; he persevered even after he had made two attempts which were not successful and on the third attempt led his party up the road, which was covered by the enemy’s machine-guns and finally crawled back with the wounded men although it necessitated two journeys.  The distance that he had to cover was almost 200 yards on each occasion.  Ob many other occasions this N.C.O. has displayed courage and leadership by leaving his slit trench in the midst of  enemy mortar fire and artillery fire to go to the assistance of wounded men.  His example and constant cheerfulness has been a outstanding example to his comrades.”

The above information tells of how Harry was awarded the Military Medal, but who was he before he went to war?

1911 census occupation codes

Every wondered what the numbers refer to at the side of occupations when using the 1911 census?

Look no further but a full list of codes and much more can be found here

Code number – occupation(s)

000 Schoolmasters, Teachers, Professors, Lecturers – In Schools &c under Local Authorities

010 Other Domestic Indoor Servants

020 Charwomen

030 Laundry Workers

040 Washers, Ironers, Manglers &c (not in Laundries)

050 Commercial or Business Clerks

060 Coachmen (not Domestic); Cabmen

061 Horsekeepers, Grooms, Stablemen (not Domestic)

070 Carmen, Carriers, Carters, Wagoners (not Farm)

080 Dock Labourers, Wharf Labourers

090 Messengers, Porters, Watchmen (not Railway or Government)

100 Farmers, Graziers

110 Farmers, Graziers – Sons, Daughters or other relatives assisting in the work of the farm

120 Agricultural Labourers, Farm Servants – Distinguished as in charge of Cattle

130 Agricultural Labourers, Farm Servants – Distinguished as in charge of Horses

140 Agricultural Labourers, Farm Servants – Not otherwise distinguished

150 Coal and Shale Mine – Workers at the Face

160 Coal and Shale Mine – Other workers below ground

170 Coal and Shale Mine – Workers above ground

172 Coal and Shale Mine – Other Mine Service

180 Ironfounders Moulders, Core Makers

181 Ironfounders Foundry Labourers

182 Ironfounders Fettlers

183 Ironfounders Cupola, Oven – Men

184 Ironfounders others

190 Blacksmiths, Strikers

200 Erectors, Fitters, Turners

201 Erectors, Fitters, Turners – Labourers

210 Carpenters, Joiners

211 Carpenters, Joiners – Labourers

220 Bricklayers

230 Bricklayers Labourers

240 Painters, Decorators

250 Weaving Processes

260 Drapers, Linen Drapers, Mercers

270 Tailors

280 Dressmakers

290 Shirt Makers; Seamstresses

300 Boot, Shoe – Makers

310 Butchers, Meat Salesmen

320 Grocers; Tea, Coffee, Chocolate – Dealers

330 General Labourers

340 Engine – Drivers, Stokers, Firemen (not Railway, Marine, or Agricultural)

350 Retired from Business (not Army or Navy)

360 Pensioners

361 Old Age Pensioners (Occupation or former Occupation not stated)

370 Private Means

380 Students

390 Scholars

401 Post Office – Telegraphists, Telephone Operators

402 Other Post Office Officers and Clerks

403 Postmen

404 Post Office Messengers &c

405 Other Civil Service Officers and Clerks

406 Other Civil Service Messengers &c

407 Police

408 Poor Law Service

409 Municipal, Parish, and other Local or County Offices

411 Army Officers (Effective)

412 Army Officers (Retired)

413 Soldiers and Non-Commissioned Officers

414 Officers of the Navy(Effective)

415 Officers of the Navy(Retired)

416 Men of the Navy

417 Officers of the Marines (Effective)

418 Officers of the Marines (Retired)

419 Men of the Marines

421 Clergymen (Established Church)

422 Roman Catholic Priests

423 Ministers, Priests, of other Religious Bodies

424 City Missionaries, Scripture Readers, Itinerant Preachers

425 Monks, Nuns, Sisters of Charity

426 Church, Chapel, Cemetery – Officers &c

427 Barristers

428 Solicitors

429 Law Clerks

431 Physicians, Surgeons, Registered Practitioners

432 Dentists (including Assistants)

433 Veterinary Surgeons

434 Midwives

435 Sick Nurses, Invalid Attendants – in Institutions of Local Authorities

436 Sick Nurses, Invalid Attendants – in other Institutions

437 Sick Nurses, Invalid Attendants – other

438 Subordinate Medical Service

441 Schoolmasters, Teachers, Professors, Lecturers – In other Schools &c

442 Schoolmasters, Teachers, Professors, Lecturers – Private

443 Schoolmasters, Teachers, Professors, Lecturers – Undefined

444 Others connected with Education under Local Authorities

445 Others connected with Education, Schools &c

451 Authors, Editors, Journalists, Reporters

452 Persons engaged in Scientific Pursuits

453 Others Connected with Literature &c – under Local Authorities

454 Others connected with Literature &c – other

456 Civil, Mining – Engineers

457 Land, House, Ship – Surveyors

458 Professional Engineers, Professional Surveyors – Assistants

461 Painters, Sculptors, Artists

462 Architects

463 Engravers

464 Photographers

465 Musicians, Music Masters, Singers

466 Actors

467 Art, Music, Theatre – Service &c

469 Performers, Showmen; Exhibition, Games – Service

471 Domestic, Indoor Servants – Hotel, Lodging House, Eating House

475 Day Girls, Day Servants (so returned)

476 Domestic – Coachmen, Grooms

477 Domestic – Motor Car Drivers, Motor Car Attendants

478 Domestic Gardeners

479 Gamekeepers

481 College, Club – Service

482 Hospital, Institution, Benevolent Society – Service under Local Authorities (not Poor Law)

483 Hospital, Institution, Benevolent Society – Service Other

484 Park, Lodge, Gate &c – Keepers (not Government)

485 Caretakers, Office Keepers (not Government)

486 Cooks (not Domestic)

487 Bath and Wash-house Service – Under Local Authorities

488 Bath and Wash-house Service – Other

489 Others engaged in Service

491 Merchants (commodity undefined)

492 Brokers, Agents, Factors

493 Salesmen, Buyers (not otherwise described)

494 Commercial Travellers

495 Accountants

496 Auctioneers, Appraisers, Valuers, House Agents

497 Officers of Commercial Guilds, Societies &c

501 Bankers; Bank – Officials, Clerks

502 Bill – Discounters, Brokers; Finance Agents

505 Life, House, Ship &c Insurance – Officials, Clerks &c

506 Insurance Agents

510 Railway – Officials, Clerks

511 Railway Ticket – Examiners, Collectors, Checkers

512 Railway Engine – Drivers, Stokers, Cleaners

513 Railway Guards

514 Signalmen

515 Pointsmen, Level Crossing Men

516 Platelayers, Gangers, Packers

517 Railway Labourers (not Railway Contractors Labourers)

518 Railway Porters

519 Other Railway Servants

521 Livery Stable Keepers; Coach, Cab – Proprietors

522 Motor Garage – Proprietors, Workers

523 Motor Car Drivers (not Domestic); Motor Cab Drivers

524 Motor Van &c Drivers

525 Motor Van &c Guards, Boys

526 Others Connected with Carrying or Cartage

527 Omnibus Service – Horse Drivers

528 Omnibus Service – Motor Drivers

529 Omnibus Service – Conductors

530 Omnibus Service – Others

531 Local Authority Tramway Service – Drivers

532 Local Authority Tramway Service – Conductors

533 Local Authority Tramway Service – Others

534 Other Tramway Service – Drivers

535 Other Tramway Service – Conductors

536 Other Tramway Service – Others

537 Others on Roads

541 Merchant Service; Seamen – Navigating Department

542 Merchant Service; Seamen – Engineering Department

543 Merchant Service; Seamen – Cooks, Stewards, & others (Subsidiary Services)

544 Pilots; Boatmen on Seas

545 Bargemen, Lightermen, Watermen

546 Navigation Service (on Shore) – Railway Company

547 Navigation Service (on Shore) – Other

551 Harbour, Dock, Wharf, Lighthouse – Officials & Servants – Government

552 Harbour, Dock, Wharf, Lighthouse – Officials & Servants – Local Authority

553 Harbour, Dock, Wharf, Lighthouse – Officials & Servants – Railway Company

554 Harbour, Dock, Wharf, Lighthouse – Officials & Servants – Other

556 Warehousemen

557 Coalheavers; Coal – Porters, Labourers

558 Telegraph, Telephone – Service (not Government)

561 Farm – Bailiffs, Foremen

562 Shepherds

563 Woodmen

564 Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Florists

565 Market Gardeners (including Labourers)

566 Other Gardeners (not Domestic)

567 Agricultural Machine – Proprietors, Attendants

568 Others engaged in or connected with Agriculture

571 Fishermen

581 Coke Burners

582 Patent Fuel Manufacture

583 Iron – Miners, Quarriers

584 Copper Miners

585 Tin Miners

586 Lead Miners

587 Miners in other Minerals

588 Mettalliferous Mine – Owners, General Managers, Captains

589 Mettalliferous Mine – Other Mine Service

590 Stone, Slate &c Mine or Quarry Owners, Agents, Managers

591 Stone – Miners, Quarriers

592 Stone – Cutters, Dressers

593 Slate – Miners, Quarriers

594 Slate Workers

595 Limeburners

596 Clay, Sand, Gravel, Chalk – Pit &c Workers

597 Other Workers in Products of Quarries

598 Coal, Coke – Merchants, Dealers

599 Dealers in Stone, Slate &c

601 Pig Iron manufacture (Blast Furnaces)

602 Puddling Furnaces; Iron and Steel Rolling Mills

603 Tube Manufacture

604 Steel – Manufacture, Smelting, Founding

610 Galvanized Sheet Manufacture

611 Tinplate Manufacture

612 Copper Manufacture

613 Lead Manufacture

614 Zinc Manufacture

615 Brass, Bronze – Manufacture

616 Manufacture of other or unspecified Metals

620 Patternmakers

621 Millwrights

622 Brassfounders

623 Brass Finishers

624 Coppersmiths

625 Metal Machinist

626 Labourers (undefined) in Engineering Works

627 Boiler Makers

628 Other or undefined Workers In Engine and Machine Making – In Textile Machinery Fittings &c

629 Other or undefined Workers In Engine and Machine Making – Others

633 Electrical Cable Manufacture

634 Electric Lamp Manufacture

635 Other Electrical Apparatus Makers; Electrical Fitters – Government

636 Other Electrical Apparatus Makers; Electrical Fitters – Other

637 Electricians (undefined)

644 Tool Makers

645 File Makers

646 Saw Makers

647 Cutlers; Scissors Makers

648 Needle, Pin – Makers

649 Steel Pen Makers

650 Roller Engravers, Block Cutters (for Text &c Printing)

651 Type – Cutters, Founders

652 Die, Seal, Coin, Medal – Makers

653 Gunsmiths, Gun Manufacturers – Government

654 Gunsmiths, Gun Manufacturers – Other

655 Sword, Bayonet – Makers, Cutlers

661 Nail Manufacture

662 Bolt, Nut, Rivet, Screw, Staple – Makers

663 Anchor, Chain – Manufacture

664 Stove, Grate, Range, Fire Iron – Makers

665 Bedstead Makers (Iron or Brass)

666 Wire – Drawers, Makers, Workers, Weavers

667 Lock, Key – Makers

668 Gas Fittings Makers

669 Lamp, Lantern, Candlestick – Makers

671 White Metal, Plated – Ware Manufacturers; Pewterers

672 Tinplate Goods Makers

673 Copper Workers

674 Leaden Goods Makers

675 Zinc Workers

676 Brass, Bronze – Workers

677 Other Iron Goods Makers

678 Iron Workers (undefined)

679 Other Metal Workers

680 Ship Painters

681 Ship – Platers, Rivetters &c

682 Ship – Other Workers in Iron

683 Shipwrights

684 Ship – Other Workers in Wood

685 Shipyard Labourers (undefined)

686 Others in Ship and Boat Building

691 Railway – Coach, Wagon Makers – Railway Company Workers

692 Railway – Coach, Wagon Makers – Others

693 Tram Car Makers

694 Cycle Makers

695 Motor Car Chassis Makers

696 Motor Car Body Makers

697 Coach, Carriage – Makers

698 Wheelwrights

699 Others in Construction of Vehicles

701 Iron Mongers; Hardware – Dealers, Merchants

702 Other Dealers in Metals, Machines &c

711 Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Jewellers

712 Lapidaries and other Workers

713 Watchmakers, Clockmakers

714 Scientific Instrument Makers; Opticians

715 Photographic Apparatus Makers

716 Weighing and Measuring Apparatus Makers

717 Surgical & Dental Instrument & Apparatus Makers

721 Piano, Organ – Makers

722 Other Musical Instrument Makers

723 Fishing Tackle, Toy, Game Apparatus – Makers

726 Dealers in Precious Metals, Jewellery, & Watches

727 Dealers in Instruments, Toys &c

730 Architectural, Monumental – Carvers, Sculptors

731 Builders

732 Builders Labourers

733 Masons

734 Masons Labourers

735 Slaters, Tilers

736 Plasterers

737 Plasterers Labourers

738 Paperhangers, Whitewashers

739 Monumental Masons

740 Glaziers

741 Plumbers

742 Gasfitters

743 Locksmiths, Bellhangers

744 Railway, Canal, Harbour &c – Contractors

745 Navvies; Railway &c Contractors Labourers

746 Well, Mine – Sinkers, Borers

747 Road – Contractors, Surveyors, Inspectors

748 Paviours, Road Labourers – Under Local Authorities

749 Paviours, Road Labourers – Others

751 Cabinet Makers

752 French Polishers

753 Upholsterers

754 House and Shop Fittings Makers

755 Undertakers; Funeral Furniture Makers

756 Wood Carvers; Carvers and Gilders

757 Willow, Cane, Rush – Workers; Basket Makers

758 Dealers in Works of Art

759 Furniture &c Dealers

761 Sawyers; Wood Cutting Machinists

762 Lath, Wooden Fence, Hurdle – Makers

763 Wood Turners

764 Wooden Box, Packing Case – Makers

765 Coopers; Hoop – Makers, Benders

766 Cork, Bark – Cutters, Workers

767 Other Workers in Wood

768 Timber, Wood, Cork, Bark – Merchants, Dealers

771 Brick, Plain Tile, Terra-Cotta – Makers

772 Plaster, Cement – Manufacture

773 Earthenware, China, Porcelain – Manufacture

774 Sheet, Plate – Glass Manufacture

775 Glass Bottle Manufacture

776 Other Workers in Glass Manufacture

777 Brick, Cement – Dealers

778 Earthenware, China, Glass – Dealers

780 Dye, Paint, Ink, Blacking – Manufacture

781 Gunpowder, Guncotton, Explosive Substance – Manufacture – Government

782 Gunpowder, Guncotton, Explosive Substance – Manufacture – Other

783 Cartridge, Fireworks, Explosive Article – Manufacture – Government

784 Cartridge, Fireworks, Explosive Article – Manufacture – Other

785 Lucifer Match Manufacture

786 Salt Makers

787 Manufacturing Chemists

788 Alkali Manufacture

789 Chemists, Druggists

791 Oil – Millers, Refiners; Oil Cake Makers

792 Candle, Grease – Manufacture

793 Soap – Boilers, Makers

794 Manure Manufacture

795 India Rubber, Gutta Percha – Workers

796 Waterproof Goods Makers

797 Glue, Size, Varnish &c – Makers

798 Oil and Colourmen

799 Other Dealers of Order 15

801 Furriers, Skinners

802 Tanners

803 Curriers

804 Leather Goods, Portmanteau, Bag, Strap &c Makers

805 Saddlers; Harness, Whip – Makers

807 Brush, Broom – Makers; Hair, Bristle – Workers

808 Quill, Feather – Dressers

809 Dealers in Skins, Leather, Hair, and Feathers

810 Paper Manufacture – Rag &c – Cutting, Dusting, Sorting

811 Paper Manufacture – Other processes

812 Paper Stainers

813 Stationery Manufacture

814 Envelope Makers

815 Paper Bag Makers

816 Cardboard Box Makers

817 Other workers in Paper &c

818 Stationers, Law Stationers

819 Other Dealers in Paper

820 Printers – Hand Compositors

821 Printers – Machine Compositors

822 Printers – Printing Machine Minders

823 Printers – Stereotypers, Electrotypers

824 Printers – Others in Printing

825 Lithographers; Copper & Steel Plate Printers

826 Bookbinders

827 Book, Print – Publishers, Sellers

828 Newspaper Publishers

829 Newspaper Agents, News Room Keepers

830 Cotton – Card and Blowing Room Processes – Strippers and Grinders

831 Cotton – Card and Blowing Room Processes – Others

832 Cotton – Spinning Processes

833 Cotton – Winding, Warping &c Processes

834 Cotton – Workers in other Processes

835 Cotton – Workers undefined

836 Cotton – Fustian Cutting

841 Wool – Sorting Processes

842 Wool – Carding and Combing Processes

843 Wool and Worsted – Spinning Processes

844 Wool and Worsted – Weaving Processes

845 Wool and Worsted – Workers in other processes

846 Wool and Worsted – Workers undefined

851 Silk – Spinning Processes

852 Silk – Weaving Processes

853 Silk – Workers in other processes

854 Silk – Workers undefined

861 Flax, Linen – Manufacture

862 Hemp Manufacture

863 Jute Manufacture

864 Cocoa Fibre Manufacture

865 Rope, Twine, Cord – Makers

866 Mat Makers

867 Canvas, Sailcloth, Sacking, Net &c – Manufacture

870 Thread Manufacture

871 Hosiery Manufacture

872 Lace Manufacture

873 Elastic Web Manufacture

874 Carpet, Rug, Felt – Manufacture

875 Smallware Manufacture

876 Fancy Goods (Textile) &c Manufacture

877 Weavers of Sundry Fabrics and undefined

878 Others Workers in Sundry Fabrics and undefined

879 Factory Hand (Textile) Undefined

881 Textile Bleachers

882 Textile Printers

883 Textile Dyers

884 Textile – Calenderers, Finishers &c

886 Other Dealers in Textile Fabrics

890 Straw Plait Manufacture

891 Straw Hat, Straw Bonnet – Manufacture

892 Felt Hat Manufacture

893 Makers of Cloth Hats and Caps

894 Makers of other Hats and Caps

895 Milliners

896 Hat, Bonnet, Straw Plait &c – Dealers

897 Clothiers, Outfitters – Dealers

898 Stay, Corset – Makers

899 Button Makers

900 Glove Makers

901 Hosiers, Haberdashers

902 Slipper Makers

903 Patten, Clog – Makers

904 Boot, Shoe, Patten, Clog – Dealers

905 Artificial Flower Makers

906 Wig Makers; Hairdressers

907 Umbrella, Parasol, Stick – Makers

908 Other Workers in Dress

909 Other Dealers in Dress

915 Creamery Workers

916 Milksellers, Dairymen

917 Provision Curers

918 Cheesemongers, Buttermen, Provision Dealers

919 Slaughterers

921 Fish Curers

922 Fishmongers, Poulterers, Game Dealers

923 Millers; Cereal Food Manufacture

924 Corn, Flour, Seed – Merchants, Dealers

925 Bread, Biscuit, Cake &c – Makers

926 Bakers, Confectioners (Dealers)

927 Sugar Refiners

928 Jam, Preserve, Sweet – Makers

929 Chocolate, Cocoa – Makers

931 Greengrocers, Fruiterers

932 Ginger Beer, Mineral Water – Manufacture

933 Mustard, Vinegar, Spice, Pickle &c – Makers

934 Other Dealers in Food

935 Tobacco Manufacture

936 Tobacconists

937 Maltsters

938 Brewers

939 Distillers; Spirit Manufacture

941 Coffee House, Eating House – Keepers

942 Lodging House, Boarding House – Keepers

943 Inn, Hotel – Keepers; Publicans, Beersellers, Cider Dealers

944 Beer Bottlers

945 Cellarmen

946 Barmen

947 Waiters (not Domestic)

948 Others in Inn, Hotel, Eating House – Service

949 Wine and Spirit – Merchants, Agents

950 Local Authority Gas Works Service – Gas Makers

951 Local Authority Gas Works Service – Others

952 Other Gas Works Service – Gas Makers

953 Other Gas Works Service – Others

954 Local Authority Waterworks Service

955 Other Waterworks Service

956 Local Authority Electricity Supply – Generation and Distribution

957 Local Authority Electricity Supply – Others

958 Other Electricity Supply – Generation and Distribution

959 Other Electricity Supply – Others

961 Local Authority Drainage and Sanitary Service

962 Other Drainage and Sanitary Service

963 Local Authority Scavenging and Disposal of Refuse

964 Other Scavenging and Disposal of Refuse

970 Circular, Envelope – Addressers &c

971 Advertising, Bill Posting – Agents

972 Bill Posters

973 Sandwichmen, Bill Distributors

974 Cattle, Sheep, Pig – Dealers, Salesmen

975 Drovers, Lairmen

976 Dog, Bird, Animal – Keepers, Dealers

977 Knackers; Catsmeat Dealers

980 Celluloid – Makers, Workers

981 Tobacco Pipe, Snuff-box &c – Makers

982 Bone, Horn, Ivory, Tortoiseshell – Workers

983 Floor Cloth, Oil Cloth – Manufacture

984 Japanners

985 Chimney Sweeps

986 Rag – Gatherers, Dealers

987 Other Workers in Sundry Industries

988 Other Dealers in Sundry Industries

989 Receiving Shop, Receiving Office – Keeper, Assistant (Laundry: Dyers and Cleaners)

990 Multiple Shop, Multiple Store – Proprietor, Worker (general or undefined)

991 General or Unclassified Shopkeepers, General Dealers

992 Pawnbrokers

993 Costermongers, Hawkers, Street Sellers

994 Contractors, Manufacturers, Managers, Superintendants (undefined)

995 News – Boy, Vendor (street or undefined)

996 Artizans, Mechanics, Apprentices (undefined)

997 Factory – Hands, Labourers (undefined)

998 Machinists, Machine Workers (undefined)